What are the different stages of sewage treatment?

Sewage treatment involves several stages, each designed to remove different types of pollutants and contaminants from wastewater before it can be safely discharged or reused. The primary stages of sewage treatment are:

1. Preliminary Treatment: This stage involves the removal of large objects, debris, and grit from the incoming wastewater. Screens and grit chambers are used to trap and separate these materials to prevent damage to downstream equipment and pipes.

2. 
   

3. Primary Treatment: In this stage, the wastewater is allowed to settle in large tanks called primary clarifiers or sedimentation tanks. During this process, heavy solids, such as sludge, settle to the bottom, forming a sludge layer, while lighter particles, like oils and grease, float to the top to form a scum layer. The partially treated wastewater, known as effluent, is collected from the middle of the tank and sent for further treatment.

4. 
   

5. Secondary Treatment: Also known as biological treatment, this stage involves the use of microorganisms to further break down and remove organic matter and dissolved solids present in the effluent. The two common methods used in secondary treatment are:
   

6. a. Activated Sludge Process: The effluent is mixed with a culture of aerobic microorganisms in aeration tanks, where they consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide, water, and more microbial biomass. Afterward, the mixed liquor is separated from the treated water in a secondary clarifier, and the settled sludge can be returned to the aeration tank to maintain the microbial population.

   b. Trickling Filters/Rotating Biological Contractors (RBCs): In these systems, the effluent is trickled over a bed of rocks or plastic media, which provides a surface for the microbial growth. As the wastewater passes through this bed, the microorganisms in the biofilm consume the organic matter, purifying the water.

7. 
   

8. Tertiary Treatment: This stage is not always a part of the treatment process but may be required in some cases when additional polishing is needed to meet specific water quality standards. Tertiary treatment methods may include additional filtration, chemical treatments (e.g., disinfection with chlorine or ultraviolet light), and advanced technologies such as membrane filtration or reverse osmosis.

9. 
   

10. Sludge Treatment and Disposal: Throughout the treatment process, solid waste (sludge) accumulates and needs to be further treated. Sludge treatment methods may include anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and drying. The treated sludge can be used as fertilizer or sent to landfills.

The combination and complexity of these stages can vary depending on the scale and type of the sewage treatment plant and the specific regulations and requirements of the region where the plant operates. The ultimate goal is to produce treated water that is safe for discharge into natural water bodies or for reuse in various applications.

If you are looking for a sewage treatment system, contact us on 01388 537050 or go to our sewage treatment system page.